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Income increased To Budget Essays

Income increased To Budget Essays Income increased To Budget Essay Income increased To Budget Essay A budget provides a business with a good outlook and structure for future plans Income represents a key area of budgeting as without income there is no money to work with in the future. Sometimes it is necessary to increase the amount of income that is available to budget with. This can be dome by selling more products or raising prices. If costs are higher than expected then and income is not increased then profits might be affected. A business with an adequate budget, which it does not exceed , should be able to pay its expenses and keep trading. Any excess money that is left over can be kept and used in unexpected situations. This is known as a CONTINGENCY FUND Bidding to Increase Future Resources Sometimes businesses realise that they do not have enough money available in their budgets to, for example, expand or buy new equipment. Therefore they may chose to bid for additional funding through a capital grant of ask others to invest in the business This means that the business owners get the use of the money invested and in return offers a percentage stake in the business. A Private Limited of Public Limited Company may chose to do this by offering shares. Other businesses raise money in different ways. They may get a bank loan or may try to raise finance by getting a grant. Grants can be given to businesses by national or local government agencies for many different reasons. These include where the business is located, how big the business is, or if the business is an industry that has problems. The most common organisations to receive grants are in farming, manufacturing or tourism. Provision of Appropriate Reserves to Address Emergencies/Crisis Businesses have to make sure that they keep some money back at the end of each month in case an emergency should happen. This ensures that if they do have problems, such as an unexpected expense, or there is a downturn in the market they have enough funds to continue in business. Some accountants recommend that reserves should be maintained which allow the business to continue for at least 3 months in the event of emergency. It is also important for businesses to have some reserves in the early stages of the business as it may be difficult to make accurate budget predictions and costs. Expenses may be higher than planned and income may be less. An emergency budget will allow the business to continue to trade. BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS The break-even point is the level of output at which a business covers its total costs. In other words where total cost = total revenue. Anything produced sold above this point is profit, anything below is loss. THE PURPOSE OF BREAK-EVEN ANALYSIS * Estimate the future level of output they will need to produce and sell in order to break-even or achieve a profit target * Explore what if scenarios e.g. assess the likely impact of price changes upon the level of output needed to break even OR assess how changes in fixed and/or variable costs may affect the level of output necessary to break even * Support applications for loans from banks and other financial institutions the use of the technique may indicate good business sense as well as providing profit forecasts. CALCULATING BREAK-EVEN POINT USING CONTRIBUTION Calculating the break-even point for a product requires: * the selling price of the product * its fixed costs * its variable costs per unit. The break-even output level can be calculated by the formula: Fixed Costs BEP = Contribution (selling price variable cost per unit) Contribution is the difference between revenue and variable costs. It is used to pay fixed costs and to provide profits. EXAMPLE A firm selling tennis rackets has fixed costs of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 and each racket costs them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20 to produce. The retail price of the rackets is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30. How many rackets does the firm have to sell to break-even? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 BEP = = = 100 rackets (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 TASK ONE Armstrong Ltd manufactures computer desks in a small business unit, which it rents from the local council. The rent is currently à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½400 per month and other fixed costs add up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 per month. The desks are sold to computer retailers at a standard price of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60. Production is organised between five staff and the variable production costs are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½35 per desk. Calculate how many desks Armstrong Ltd would have to make in a month in order to break even. CALCULATING BREAK-EVEN POINT USING TC AND TR Another way of calculating the break-even point is to use the total costs and total revenue equation. In the case of the above example: Total costs = fixed costs + variable costs Or TC = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 + à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20Q And Total revenue = price x quantity sold Or TR = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30Q Where Q is the quantity produced and sold. A firm will break-even where total cost is equal to total revenue. Therefore we can write: TC = TR à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,000 + à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20Q = à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30Q To find Q we can calculate: 1,000 = 30Q 20Q 1,000 = 10Q 1,000 = Q 10 100 = Q TASK TWO Using the same scenario as before, calculate the break-even point for Armstrong Ltd using the total costs and total revenue equation.

The Space Shuttle Challenger Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Space Shuttle Challenger - Personal Statement Example Seven occupants died innocently in the incidence that occurred on 28th January 1986. That was tragic, putting accountability and integrity of the designers into question. The scientists, having been warned of the danger that lay in wait if they opted to carry on with the launch questions their credibility and concern for humanity. It was evident that they cared little about the safety of the crew, and their anxiety to make headlines for launching the much talked about the space shuttle. There had been early warnings of the dangers that lay ahead if the idea was carried out. The space shuttle had structural failures, with an expert raising a rather worrying alarm concern. The O-rings of the shuttle could only survive temperatures at only 40 degrees. Any temperatures below that, safety and survival of the shuttle were not guaranteed. On the morning of the launch, the temperatures were as low as 18 degrees. The expert termed the idea of launching the shuttle on such a day as absurd and ridiculous. It was bound to explode anyway. This raises a rather disturbing question, why the ignorance by the scientists? Why were they so eager to launch the shuttle? The incidence calls for personal accountability of all parties involved in the success of any project. Every party ought to play its part in the project, making sure that nothing goes wrong during the whole project. Team spirit is portrayed by this incidence, where it is the responsibility of every member of the group to play their individual roles for the success of the project. If there is no proper articulation of ideas and thoughts, if there are flaws in one section of the implementing group, the project is likely to be a total failure, just like the space shuttle incidence. The importance of other team players exhibiting accountability and diligence in their work is a clear indication of their readiness to protect the end user of the product in question.